Abstract peat swamp forests are highly significant globally, both for their diverse and threatened species and as representative unique ecosystems. Peat swamp forest are unusual ecosystems, with trees up to 70 m high vastly different from the peat lands of the north temperate and boreal zones. The forest trees provide the material for peat formation, while the depth of the peat determines forest structure through influences on soil hydrology, chemistry, and nutrient availability. Download the pdf for this habitat for information about species. Extent of industrial plantations on peat in malaysia in 2010 table 9. A forested swamp of peataccumulating basins in the coastal plain from southern maine down to the delmarva peninsula. One plan by the environmental ngo borneo orangutan survival is to preserve the peat swamp forest of mawas using a combination of carbon finance and debtfornature. They are made up of trees which are broadleaved not conifers, and many other types of flowering plants. In southeast asia, peatland is widely distributed and has accumulated a massive amount of soil carbon, coexisting with peat swamp forest psf. Global journal of environmental science and management, 3, 1, 2017, 6374. Peat swamp forest in selangor, malaysia, 375 l biotope aquarium. Many species found in the most acidic central portion of peat swamp forests also occur in heath forests sundaland heath forests im0161.
Peat swamp forest are unusual ecosystems, with trees up to 70 m high vastly different from the peat lands of the north temperate and boreal zones which are dominated by sphagnum mosses, grasses, sedges and shrubs. Yeasts were isolated from soil and peat soil by the dilution plate and enrichment techniques. We found that ch 4 fluxes had almost no effect on the global warming gas budget of the peat swamp forest, and values were only a few percent less than the co 2 fluxes at. Aug 07, 20 peat swamp forests psfs represent about 12% of the land area in southeast asia, which equals more than 27 million hectares, of which 83% is found in indonesia 1. Whereas borneo has up to six types of peat swamp forest, sumatra retains only two. This study assessed the impact of peat swamp forest conversion to oil palm. Pdf biodiversity and conservation of tropical peat swamp forests. Peat swamp forest cover estimates for malaysia table 8. Carbon stocks, emissions, and aboveground productivity in.
Carbon dioxide and methane emissions from peat soil in an undrained tropical peat swamp forest. Malaysias peat swamp forest conservation and sustainable use apr 2006. The peat swamp forest reserve of bram itam is managed by the forest management unit of bram itam in coordination with the forest service of tanjung jabung barat district, jambi province, indonesia. Secondary peat swamp forest psf arise by degradation of primary psf as a result of fire and human activities. Atlantic white cedar is characteristic and often dominant. They have poor drainage, and waterlogged soil prevents dead leaves and wood from fully decomposing. The average rainfall is 250 centimetres 98 in a year1 and the average temperature is 27 c 80. Oil palm elaeis guineensis agriculture is rapidly expanding and requires large areas of land in the tropics to meet the global demand for palm oil products. It will extensively discuss the measurement of the biomass, structure and carbon pools in trees of tropical peat swamp forest. Currently, 25% of all deforestation in insular southeast asia occurs in peat swamp forests. Tropical peat swamp forest silviculture in central kalimantan page iii per week, once per fortnight 10 seedlings per treatment. Pdf tropical peat swamp forest is a unique ecosystem that is most.
Tree biomass equations for tropical peat swamp forest. The formation process usually follows hydrosere successional steps, where the ponds or flooded area eutrophicated by water plants, then transform into waterlogged swamp with grasses or shrubs, and eventually formed a forest that continues to grow and accumulate. Pdf peat swamp forests are highly significant globally, both for their diverse and threatened species and as representative unique. Likewise, the forest becomes smaller with an even canopy, moving from the edges to the center. Tropical wetlands such as peat swamp forests psfs have been known globally as one of the carbon crich ecosystems. Differing from terra firme forests, the peat forming function of tropical swamps relies on the integrity of discrete hydrological units, in turn intricately linked to the aboveground woody, and herbaceous vegetation. Nov 06, 2012 estimated extent of peat swamp forest cover in malaysia state total area hectares sarawak 1,120,000 pahang 200,000 sabah 120,000 selangor 76,000 terengganu,000 johor,000 total 1,542,000sources. Nutrient stoichiometry of nepenthes species from a bornean. The vegetation assessment is based assessment on quantifying change of greenness level of vegetation cover change from 20022007. Waterlogged soil prevents dead leaves and wood from decomposing fully.
This module describes peat swamp forests, as highly productive, tropical rain forests, which provide numerous. Habitat evolution of a peat swamp forest and belowground carbon storage was examined in a coastal lowland along the eastern coast of central sumatra, indonesia. However, the contribution of peat swamp forests to c storage is currently under threat from largescale. However, there is still a lack of understanding on the c cycle in psfs, especially in association with land use and cover changes e. Tropical peat swamp forests in indonesia store huge amounts of carbon and are responsible. In total, 60 primate and 20 felid taxa are reported from peat swamp forests and mangroves of asia and africa. For longterm monitoring, we describe the technical details of measurement. In this area 80% is in indonesia, 11% in malaysia, 6% in papua new guinea, with pockets in brunei, vietnam, the philippines, and thailand.
The peat swamp and rainforest research station was established in 2002 with the collaboration between biotec and the national parks, wildlife and plant conservation department, with the aim to promote and support basic research for the conservation and sustainable utilization of halabala rain forest and toh dang peat swamp forest, as well as a center for community development and training. On the other hand, based on the authors airborne lidar data estimates see section 2. It has been gazetted as class 1 forest reserve and was surrounded by human settlements. Peat swamp forest simple english wikipedia, the free. Land tenure the peat swamp forest reserve of bram itam was occupied and cultivated by farmers. Compared with other moist forest ecoregions, peat swamp forests are not as speciesrich or high in endemism iucn 1991. Pdf regeneration and restoration of degraded peat swamp forest. The klias peat swamp forest reserve psfr is one of the two remaining peat swamp forests in sabah with an area of 3630 hectares and composed mainly of mixed peat swamp forest.
Land cover conversion of peat swamp forest to oil palm large and smallscale oil palm production is likely to have negative impacts on microhabitat conditions. Habitat evolution of a peat swamp forest and belowground. Land use conversion from peat swamp forest to oil palm. Monitoring tropical peat swamp deforestation and hydrological. Peat swamp forest in kalimantan about 62% of the worlds tropical peat lands occur in southeast asia. Leaf size indices of the tree species in the peatland of agusan del sur in mindanao in philippines was examined to deduce the variation of forest structure and observed forest zonation. Thus, forestry is an important economic activity in the area.
Nutrient stoichiometry of nepenthes species from a bornean peat swamp forest. When peatlands are deforested, drainage ditches are often constructed to lower the groundwater level, which may result in changes in peat methane ch 4 fluxes. U minh peat swamp forests are currently protected in two national parks. Pdf leaf size indices and structure of the peat swamp forest. Gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, orangutans, and of course, humans, inhabit and rely on swamp forest habitat in indonesia and africa. This tree has a high economic value, because of wood and latex as well as leaves which can be used as medicine material wong, et al. The forest resources are intensively exploited manually by artisanal loggers and hunters, and on a large industrial scale in states like ondo, edo, delta, bayelsa, rivers, and cross river. Disturbance effects on carbon content and tree species traits. Differing from terra firme forests, the peatforming function of tropical swamps relies on the integrity of discrete hydrological units, in turn intricately linked to the aboveground woody, and herbaceous vegetation. Ground surface microtopography and vegetation patterns in. Tree biomass equations for tropical peat swamp forest ecosystems in indonesia. Peatcovered wetlands in european part of the russian federation. Boring surveys using a handoperated peat sampler for 32 sites and radiocarbon dating for 29 samples revealed that the peat swamp forest had begun formation by 6500 cal bp and expanded rapidly between 6500 and 5000 cal bp and. Peat swamp forests encompass a sequence of forest types distributed from the perimeter to the center of each swamp.
The peatland, however, has been rapidly degraded by deforestation, fires, and drainage for the last two decades. The peat swamp forest is located in an area bound by btg. They are made up of trees which are broadleaved not conifers, and many other types of flowering plants peat swamp forests are usually surrounded by lowland rain. More than thirty palm species are found in peat swamp forest, including the redstemmed sealing wax palm, cyrtostachys lakka. Wed like to understand how you use our websites in order to improve them.
Tropical peat swamp forests are invaluable for their role in storing atmospheric carbon, notably in their unique belowground reservoirs. Ground surface microtopography and vegetation patterns in a. Over time, this creates a thick layer of acidic peat. Identification and characterization of lipolytic enzymes.
Peat swamp forests have high biodiversity and are important habitats for. Evapotranspiration of tropical peat swamp forests hirano. The edges of peat swamp forests are relatively nutrientrich, whereas the center is nutrientpoor whitten et al. Palm oil sustainability assessment of salimrelated companies. The peatland, however, has been rapidly degraded by. New above ground biomass equations have been developed for. We developed new equations, based on 148 trees from 24 families with diameter at breast height in the range of 2167 cm collected from peat swamp forests in the western part of indonesia.
Vegetation assessment of peat swamp forest using remote sensing. Pdf tropical peat swamp forest ecosystem and floristic diversity. Dec 09, 2019 the area of peat swamp forest cover in the country was about 656,198 hectares in 2017, while it was around 663,868 hectares in the previous year. Using raunkiaer and webbs leaf size classification, the leaf morphometrics of seven tree species consistently found on the established sampling plots were determined.
Changes in soil ch4 fluxes from the conversion of tropical. Greenhouse gas emissions resulting from conversion of peat. Tropical peat swamp forest ecosystem and floristic diversity in. The coastal forests are diverse, including moist lowland forest, freshwater swamp forest, mangrove zone, etc. Proportions of threatened fauna found in peat swamp forests. Tropical peat swamp forests are unique ecosystems with a complex interplay between the forest vegetation and peat soil. Water draining from the peat swamp forest was dark in color due to its organic content and low in dissolved oxygen, ph, e. Estimated extent of peat swamp forest cover in malaysia state total area hectares sarawak 1,120,000 pahang 200,000 sabah 120,000 selangor 76,000 terengganu,000 johor,000 total 1,542,000sources. View peat swamp forest research papers on academia. Our aim was to evaluate how tropical peat swamp forest conversion affected these fluxes. In addition to the carbon currently stored in a tropical peat swamp forest, one hectare of healthy peatland sequesters an additional 0. The annual ch 4 budget in the studied tropical peat swamp forest 0. The peat swamp forests on borneo occur in the indonesian state of kalimantan, the malaysian state of sarawak and in the belait district of brunei on coastal lowlands, built up behind the brackish mangrove forests and.
Peat swamp forest in selangor, malaysia, 375 l biotope. Sumatra, kalimantan indonesian borneo and papua contain most of the peatlands. Deep instability of deforested tropical peatlands revealed by fluvial. Tropical peat swamp forests are threatened by large scale deforestation, canal drainage and forest fire, causing. The spongy, waterlogged, anaerobic beds of peat can be up to 20 m deep with low ph and low nutrients, the forest floor is seasonally flooded. Extent of peat swamp forest dark areas in 2004 for peninsular malaysia, sumatra. Data on organic soils in national ghg inventory year 2010 eu 27 table 10.
Recent research has shown this ecosystems significance as a global carbon store, but its value for biodiversity remains poorly understood. Tropical peat swamp forest is a unique ecosystem that is most extensive in southeast asia, where it is under enormous threat from logging, fire, and land conversion. Icesatglas data as a measurement tool for peatland. Jelutung dyera polyphylla agroforestry on drained peatlands. Interdependence of peat and vegetation in a tropical peat swamp. Peat swamp forests are tropical moist forests where waterlogged soil prevents dead leaves and wood from fully decomposing. The jelutong latex provides material for the production of rubber, cover of cable. Icesatglas data might be an adequate tool to measure the topography of the peat soil and the forest agb. Aug 28, 2019 tropical peat swamp forests are invaluable for their role in storing atmospheric carbon, notably in their unique belowground reservoirs. The majority of the orangutan population is supported by the mixedswamp forest 9. Yeast communities of secondary peat swamp forests in. Technical papers tropical peat swamp forest silviculture. Peat swamp forests are forest wetlands in tropical and subtropical areas.
Vegetation assessment of peat swamp forest using remote. Disturbance effects on carbon content and tree species. Palm oil sustainability assessment of salimrelated. The u minh region contains largest peat swamp areas in the mekong river basin. Tropical peat swamp forests of southeast asia springerlink. Rejang, adjacent to sibu town was selected for study. Yeasts diversity of kuan kreng kk and rayong botanical garden rbg psf, which are two secondary psf in southern and in eastern thailand, respectively, were investigated. Greenhouse gas emissions resulting from conversion of peat swamp forest to oil palm. Extent of organicrich soils and bogs and fens in the uk table 11.
Attempts at preservation have been minimal in comparison to recent devastation while commercial logging of peat swamp forest in sarawak is ongoing and planned to intensify in brunei. However, the contribution of peat swamp forests to c storage is. Yeast communities of secondary peat swamp forests in thailand. Pdf leaf size indices of the tree species in the peatland of agusan del sur in mindanao in philippines was examined to deduce the variation of forest. Pdf carbon dioxide and methane emissions from peat soil. The spongy, unstable, waterlogged, anaerobic beds of peat can be up to 20 m deep with low ph ph 2. Malaysias climate is categorised as equatorial, being hot and humid throughout the year. Unaffected forests accumulated on average 20 tha agb with a canopy height increase of 2.
Tropical peat forms on lowlying areas, such as river deltas, floodplains or shallow oxbow lakes. Peat swamp forests occur where waterlogged soils prevent dead leaves and wood from fully decomposing, which over time creates thick layer of acidic peat. Quantifying dynamics in tropical peat swamp forest. They are made up of trees which are broadleaved not conifers, and many other types of flowering plants peat swamp forests are usually surrounded by lowland rain forests. The peat depth in the sabangau peat swamp forest varies from less than one meter near the river to 12. Peat swamp forests have unique features which no other type of forests posses. Habitat evolution of a peat swamp forest and belowground carbon. This module describes monitoring, measuring and the quantification of carbon stocks in tropical peat swamp forest. For longterm monitoring, we describe the technical details of.
Biodiversity and conservation of tropical peat swamp forests. Leaf size indices and structure of the peat swamp forest. Disturbance effects on carbon content and tree species traits in tropical peat swamp forest in. The normal diurnal pattern for water temperature was observed for the peat swamp forest drainage, but there was no clear diurnal pattern evident in the dissolved oxygen data. This study presents the c stocks, removals, and emissions dataset, as well as the determining. Identification and characterization of lipolytic enzymes from a peatswamp forest soil metagenome. Jan 01, 2011 forest loss in the lowlands of sumatra and kalimantan, the two indonesian provinces containing the largest areas of peat swamp forest, accounted for more than 70% of forest clearing in the country from 19902005, resulting in a staggering 41% loss in total area in just 15 years hansen et al. Peat covered wetlands in european part of the russian federation. Boring surveys using a handoperated peat sampler for 32 sites and radiocarbon dating for 29 samples revealed that the peat swamp forest had begun formation by 6500 cal bp and expanded rapidly between 6500 and 5000 cal bp and between. Malaysias peat swamp forest conservation and sustainable use apr 2006 undp 5. Unlimited viewing of the articlechapter pdf and any associated supplements and figures.
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